For none of the monumental buildings of medieval probably not include such a recognition, as the Cathedral of Our Lady of Paris, which is glorified in his novel by Victor Hugo. In the history of French culture is a long checklist of folk architecture and the wonderful writing the first third of the XIX century that merged together. Body of the church will always be reminded of the characters of Victor Hugo's novel-gypsy Esmeralda, poor deaf and ugly Quasimodo.Read more...
At the heart of the novel - the Cathedral of Our Lady of Paris, a symbol of the spiritual life of the French nation. It was built by hands of hundreds of unknown artists, foster roistering popular imagination. Description of the cathedral becomes a cause for inspirational prose poem about the French national architecture. Hugo captured a kind of amazing works of medieval art, unsurpassed, innovative, far from the ancient architecture. He fervently rises to its protection from damage and distortion. Creation of a national architecture - is not only the embodiment of people's talents; Gothic church, on the writer - is also a «rock medieval books», for their sculptures and bas-reliefs illiterate human read Holy Letter.

It is the cathedral becomes a haven for folk heroes Hugo, it is closely linked their fate, the people living around the cathedral, the one that is able to fight for their better life. However, the cathedral - a symbol of feudal oppression, darker prejudices, which are kept in captivity by the human soul. Not in the darkness under the arches of the cathedral, merging with a wonderful marble chimères, thunderstruck roar ringing in single living Quasimodo, «the soul of the Cathedral», who embodies the image of the Middle Ages. It contrasts starkly beautiful image of Esmeralda, who embodies the joy and beauty of earthly life, the harmony of body and soul, that is ideals of the Renaissance, which was to replace the Middle Ages. Tantsorka Esmeralda alive among the Parisian crowd, which believes its her sister, she is fully immersed in people's lives and gives a simple lyudu art, fun and sincerity. This novel by Victor Hugo that perekidal bridge from the past to the modern. The writer has spoken out against political reaction and social irregularities in his time. All product flash light up people's recovery, the revolutionary events, which was a contemporary of the author. This impact on the image to the people «Cathedral of Our Lady of Paris».

In the novel the author's understanding of the people - it is not just dark illiterate crowd, he had full creative force and will to fight for them - the future. He has not yet woken up, «it is not yet the time has come». But the storming of the cathedral of Paris lyudom, so vividly depicted in the novel - it is only a prelude to the storming of the Bastille in 1789 (not a coincidence, King Louis XI is in this castle), a prelude to the revolution that will destroy feodalism.

«When the spire of the ring the alarm when zagrohochut gun, when a terrible roar wall will fall, when the soldiers and the crowd rushed to one with a snarl on one, and then comes the time». With all the variety of paintings of traditional life in «Cathedral of Our Lady of Paris» Hugo not idealized the Middle Ages, and truthfully show the seamy side of the feudal past. However, his book is deeply poetic, it is soaked in a hot love for France, its history, its art, in which the writer is convinced, is the freedom-loving spirit of the French nation.

In one of his lyric poems Pushkin asked:
The gift of Life is random, what are you given me?
So the poet has tried to understand the meaning of his life, which seemed to him obscure, dark. Today, we confidently say that the meaning of the life of the great Pushkin was to create unsurpassed samples of poetry, prose, drama, epistolary genre. Often it is so very uncertain, and the man becomes quite clear his distant descendants.Read more...



The question of the meaning of life, sooner or later comes to every man, no matter which raises the difficult question. It is important to another - as people respond to him because of that answer will depend very much.
On the meaning of life, people thought back in hoary antiquity. Since then, the explanations offered so much that they can not be perechest. "The meaning of life in service to God," - said the Christians. "The meaning of life in service to the motherland", - said the sages of antiquity. "The meaning of life in community service work", - said the founding fathers of the rulers of our recent past. Are all these false allegations? No, but each of them, taken individually, contain only truth. The question of the meaning of life can be considered one of the major issues facing humanity.


In my opinion, life is given in order to perform in the world all that is assigned to execute the man. Build a house, plant trees and raise a son - this is a minimum of human achievements. The wisdom of this statement is that each of these cases as it continues to person projects his activities in the future. Indeed, the house will be the next person on the ground: it will hear laughter, songs, celebrated holidays. The tree will be evidence of human life: the tree gives coolness in hot day would maintain peace and harmony, to protect the rest. A son of the founder will be the future of many people who know how to appreciate and protect their homeland to work for its benefit.
It will be quite some time, and the next generation will ask the question: "Why should I live? Why should I given life? Everyone responds to it in its own way. And perhaps this is the deepest meaning of human existence in a reasonable vast universe.

Mikhail Bulgakov his novel «The Master and Margarita» give the reader a new gospel, as if opening his own philosophy of life. But what is the role of play in this system, the world Satan? The Bible clearly says that he - the enemy of man. This is, then, to explain the return of beloved Margarita or the head of the theater konferanse «Variety»? What, then, the mystery of Bulgakov's devil, and he was like the devil or that? The first man, who appeared in the «hot unprecedented event» at the Patriarch's Ponds in the call by Mikhail Alexandrovich Berlioz with the poet Ivan Homeless, was an Englishman or a German, one word - a foreigner, Satan himself. «Your cut off head!» - Happily announced he headed council Massolita ...Read more...



And so it happened: a few hours Berlioz was under the tram. Critics believe that the victim paid for their disbelief, and that his condemnation of anyone else, as a mysterious consultant. There is a lot of questions. How, for example, to condemn Satan for disbelief in God, and how he, an angel of hollow, generally able to judge? Secret and hidden in the Berlioz, more precisely, in his name. «No composer», - noted Ivanushka in its explanatory memorandum. And, it seems, the author had in mind is a composer, author of the dramatic legend «Condemnation of Faust» trilogy and «The Childhood of Christ». Let us remember the epigraph, taken Bulgakova: «... And who are you, finally, this? I - part of a force that forever wants evil and always makes good »(Goethe,« Faust »), The endless chain of associations that may not always be explained and proslezhennye, but actually exist. A representative suite Voland, as it turned out, had their own history, not only on the pages of the novel, but also beyond.



Among the Arab tribes was widespread celebration kozloprinosheniya, holiday Azazelo. Its essence was to buy off Azazelo - merciless angel of death, which, for the beliefs of the Arabs, all in black and black on the wings of a person arrives to pick up with her soul. His face was pale and cold, and your eyes - empty and black. Involuntarily, an association with the demon-killer with a 32-second section of the novel. Let us turn to one of the magical characters of the work, not quite a cat - Hippo, the best jester in the world. In ancient Egyptian hippopotamus has been the embodiment of evil, God Tifona.



To be honest, Voland was another fool - Fagot, unique poseur-regent with drenkuchim voice in checkered suit and broken pince-nez. A word «bassoon» in French language means «fool». It would be interesting to refer to another character - Abadonne. For the beliefs of the same Arab tribes, to the dying man comes Abaddon angel, messenger of death. It was known that his wings were hang round in pairs of human eyes. It appeared to the people with his eyes closed, and only met him dying eyes. The novel is Abadonna, removing the glasses, looking into the eyes of the baron, killing him.
«Devilish trap», - shepchu me. But how intimidating they are not invited guests?



The question arises: why do some Voland caresses, and other severely punished? Or did not he merciful to Margarita or konferanse theater «Variety»? No, Satan does not gives mercy. Margaret gave him his life, becoming a witch, a poor, poor konferanse. He prayed for mercy. Begs comparison with the leader of all peoples by Stalin. Maybe, in an infinitely multifaceted Satan contained part of the nobles, or so he has dominated in their hearts. Thousands of questions and no answers.

Let's even up to one section of the novel. Black magic and inculpation. Voland simultaneously serves as a magician, artist, illusionist, and the experimenter. And the experiment belongs to the people ... Part One: from the sky in a huge amount of money flying and after a few minutes of Bengal remains without a title. One is surprised how skillfully and, more importantly, just as Satan has infiltrated the human soul. He delivered his verdict. Part Two: Women's shop and a denunciation of Arcadia Apollonovich Semplyarova. It was a blatant inculpation is better seems to sneer. No, the devil was in Moscow not to, just to make a difference. He did not want to open people eyes, he just made a withdrawal and have to deal with Moscow.



I understand that the image of Satan, are disclosed in the Bible, virtually nothing in common with Bulgakov's devil is not. In one film, I heard the words spoken devil man: «I just arrange decorations, and twine trifle thou». The man who got on the hook of sin, may be freed only in one way: to give life to God or Satan. These thoughts do not have in the novel, but it is that person who got into the swamp of sin, be sure to catch the fisherman - both left the Semlyarovim. So, the devil everywhere arranges its network, which could not get proud and selfish Moscovites. So we came to, which began: «Be sober, be! Your enemy - the devil - walking tools, like a lion, who is looking for people devour»

Do you need a lot of man to be happy, to live a life not in vain and leave on a good reference for people? On a different answer to these questions are the heroes of Honore de Balzac, a writer who believed that the psychology and life views of people create social environments. For example, cold and stingy man Gobsek, the hero of the same story, was a man zhiznelyubivoy endowed with a natural desire to establish themselves in life. When he was ten years old, his mother arranged for him yungoy ship which sail in the Dutch possession in the East - India. So he Read more...prostranstvoval twenty years, who were for him a harsh test, which can only withstand the strong-willed and courageous man. Idealism and the romantic dreams of a boy faced with the harsh truth of life, where there was no place for weak, exhausted. «He has a lot of terrible trials, Honore de Balzac wrote about his hero .- experienced total: romantic failure, famine, trampled love, temptation a lot of money, poverty, ill health and wealth». Gobsek took part in the hostilities the United States, which defended its independence. Ie Before becoming moneylenders, he has a long and difficult life of school. Weighing all of their life experience, has, as a old man, the hero of novels came to realize that «there is only one reliable worldly goods, which has the highest value - is Gold».


Why Gobseku so much money? To good and prosperous live? Of course not. After all of the experience he can not spend money recklessly, as believed, it is better to push himself, than to allow others to do so with themselves. Gold, in his opinion - one that could provide an opportunity to survive, not to be crushed by a dirty boot. Gobsek understand how the society he lives, and the money he needed in order to feel secure. He dreams not armchair politics, but his suit power moneylenders, again, is there in order to protect themselves so that others do not treat it lightly, that it feared and respected. That Balzac emphasizes that life in a society where people with the aim of self-defense must cross the entire human, to become moneylenders and dastard tragic. The harsh public laws forced this gifted, extraordinary person to abandon the family, from friends, from the comfort that is the whole joy of life. «He has maintained his vital energy, unimaya of all human emotions». These words of Balzac that summarizes the completion of the internal evolution of his character as a person.



Gobsek is a precious asset in life - a sense of inner freedom. But at what cost? At the cost of high human content of her life. However, not all the noble qualities of soul died moneylenders. This man still lives in the struggle with the most, although he has learned to contain and overcome the natural human desires and feelings. Going in the affairs of the room Phani Malvy, he felt, as it turned out in an atmosphere of sincerity and spiritual purity. «It has even become easier to breathe», - tells Gobsek Dervilyu. Even a harsh man as Gobsek, was pleased to see that there is in this cruel world, people are hardworking, sincere, heartfelt. His first desire was to help the girl, but just against this noble idea revolted the whole of his life experiences. «I went up, breaking their generous intentions, because I have not had time to observe how charity kills the one who made the mercy».



When a man was mentally Gobsek indurate and cold, it is not felt to rastrogannosti minutes. But only for a moment in his heart blossom highest human feelings. It deters them immediately in itself, as well as society, to which belongs, not to allow the will of the best poruham soul. The very antithesis of Gobseku who killed himself in all the passions, there are countess Anastazia de Restota and her paramour Maxim de Tri. Their licentious life is condemned not only Gobseka, but also very Balzac. The author emphasizes that such a strong sense of love, under the conditions then ill of society can become a passion for the immoral, the crime against their own children. The remarkable connoisseur of human souls Balzac did not believe the human nor the rule dissoluteness Countess and her lover, or phlegm and Gobseka ironic, because the philosophy of such a behavior is gobsekov such countess. Was happy spiritual beggar Gobsek? Who knows? But we know one thing: can, and won it in all the human passions, however, ceased to be a man. After all, people on and is the man to think, feel, suffer, love, lost faith, ie, live.